Chapter 1. Introduction -- Part I. The Diversity of Genomics -- Chapter 2. Distributed and Concentrated Strategies in the Sequencing of the Yeast Genome -- Chapter 3. The Human Genome Project(s) -- Part II. Communities and Reference Genomes -- Chapter 4. The Funnelling Effect of the Sanger Institute -- Chapter 5. The Pig Community and Their Reference Genome -- Part III. Contextualising and Enhancing Reference Genomes -- Chapter 6. Making Reference Genomes Useful: Annotation -- Chapter 7. Improving and Going Beyond Reference Genomes -- Chapter 8. Conclusion.

Open Access

This open access book offers a comprehensive overview of the history of genomics across three different species and four decades, from the 1980s to the recent past. It takes an inclusive approach in order to capture not only the international initiatives to map and sequence the genomes of various organisms, but also the work of smaller-scale institutions engaged in the mapping and sequencing of yeast, human and pig DNA. In doing so, the authors expand the historiographical lens of genomics from a focus on large-scale projects to other forms of organisation. They show how practices such as genome mapping, sequence assembly and annotation are as essential as DNA sequencing in the history of genomics, and argue that existing depictions of genomics are too closely associated with the Human Genome Project. Exploring the use of genomic tools by biochemists, cell biologists, and medical and agriculturally-oriented geneticists, this book portrays the history of genomics as inseparablyentangled with the day-to-day practices and objectives of these communities. The authors also uncover often forgotten actors such as the European Commission, a crucial funder and forger of collaborative networks undertaking genomic projects. In examining historical trajectories across species, communities and projects, the book provides new insights on genomics, its dramatic expansion during the late twentieth-century and its developments in the twenty-first century. Offering the first extensive critical examination of the nature and historicity of reference genomes, this book demonstrates how their affordances and limitations are shaped by the involvement or absence of particular communities in their production. Miguel García-Sancho is a Senior Lecturer at the University of Edinburgh in the UK. He led the project ‘TRANSGENE: Medical Translation in the History of Modern Genomics’, with funding from the European Research Council. James Lowe is a Senior Research Fellow at the University of Edinburgh in the UK. He is a historian and philosopher of biology who worked on the European Research Council-funded project ‘TRANSGENE: Medical Translation in the History of Modern Genomics’.