Large-scale Assessments in Education is a publication from the IERI – International Education Research Institute. Articles considered for publication in this journal are those that make use of the databases published by national and international large-scale assessment programs, present results of interest to a broad national or international audience, or contribute to enhance and improve the methods and procedures, implementation, or use of large-scale assessments in education and their data. Large-scale assessments are those designed with the purpose of reporting results at the group level and, as such, generally rely on sampling techniques, make use of sampling weights and replication methods, and resort to item response theory for the calculation of scale scores. Examples of large-scale assessments include but are not limited to IEA’s TIMSS, PIRLS, ICCS, and ICILS; U.S.-NAEP; OECD’s PISA, PIAAC, IELS, TALIS, and TALIS Starting Strong Survey; SACMEC, PASEC, and ERCE. Papers reporting on very small subsets of respondents, or very specific local issues outside the general goals of the assessment, will be considered out of scope. .