This book constitutes the thoroughly refereed post-conference proceedings of the 16th International Workshop on Multi-Agent-Based Simulation, MABS 2015, held in Istanbul, Turkey, in May 2015. The workshop was held in conjunction with the 14th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multi-agent Systems, AAMAS 2015. The 12 revised full papers included in this volume ware carefully selected from 22 submissions. The papers focus on the influence of social sciences and multi-agent systems, with a strong application/empirical vein, and its emphasis is stressed on exploratory agent based simulation as a principled way of undertaking scientific research in the social sciences and using social theories as an inspiration to new frameworks and developments in multi-agent systems.