Biological Trace Element Research is an international journal dedicated to publishing high-quality articles that advance knowledge of the importance and roles of trace elements for the health and well-being of humans and animals. This knowledge may be conveyed by original research articles, brief communications, and reviews, including those describing negative results from well-preformed experiments giving unexpected or unusual findings.       Classical experiments using animal and human models to study deficiency, supra-nutritional, pharmacological, and toxicological aspects of trace elements are especially desired. In vitro, cell culture and microbial models that help in defining the biochemical and physiological roles of trace elements are also welcomed.  Studies involving plant models are invited if they are related to the provision of trace elements to animals and humans.  Articles involving the importance of trace elements for plant growth, composition, and reproduction will be considered more suitable for other journals focusing on that area of science. Submission of manuscripts describing the use of an agent to treat trace element-induced toxicity are discouraged unless the treatment provides information of the mechanism of the trace-element induced toxicity or the agent is specially designed, such as a newly designed chelating ligand, to attempt to treat the trace-element-induced toxicity. Biological Trace Element Research is published monthly - online -  to provide timely and useful information to nutritionists, physiologists, biochemists, chemists, and toxicologists about the biological importance of trace elements.